Urban Planning Essay Example for Free

Urban Planning Essay In his book Urban Geography, Michael Pacione, discusses the â€Å"Future City-Cities of the Future†. In his analysis there are several principles that must be included in the future city in order for it to strive and be successful, â€Å"by 2025 65 percent of the world’s population will be in urban areas† (Pacione 2005) The need for the city of the next 100 years to be sustainable in all aspects is paramount for its success and its citizens to live in peace and harmony. The factors that will play a large part in deciding the fate of our future cities are addressing population growth, the economics of cities, or making cities economically competitive, the effective managing and creation of various modes of transportation and mobility and managing the largest pollutant most inefficient parts of of our cities: buildings. All while maintaining high ecological and environmental standards including proper reduction and disposal of waste . The city of the next 100 years must be successful in managing the impacts of all of these stated areas. I will highlight current cities that are struggling with some of these areas and what must be done for the future to prepare for the next century. I. Population There is wave of urban migration and population explosion particularly in 3rd-world nations. The projection of future growth in Lagos, Nigeria from the current city to the future city is projected to put Lagos as the 3rd largest city in 2015 behind Tokyo and Bombay. (Lagos State Government 2011) To stem and manage such growth city planners and local authorities must be diligent. Below is a picture of the daily traffic in the main city center, this is an example of the current situation when unfettered growth and poor or lack of planning are present. While this may be an extreme example two of the projected largest cities by 2015 are both located in developing nations-Lagos being one of them and Bombay in India the other. The basic needs of the population must be met for these cities to become prosperous for its own success and for its inhabitants. With such large masses of population of people located in nations that currently have challenges handling the basic needs of its people the challenge will be to grow while still addressing these concerns. The solution to this problem of massive population growth and how to sustainability-as a city develop and grow can be found from William Rees from the University of British Columbia. He and his team have developed an ecological footprint analysis which can be used to gauge and measure whether the current natural environment can sustain the growing population. In short, breaking down the consumption of what people use into five categories: food, housing, transportation, consumer goods and services. In addition, there are also land-use categories: fossil energy land, consumed land, food land and forest land. While I will not recite the entire analysis, what is important that can be extracted from this is the characteristics of sustainable future cities, as it relates to population growth. Preserving natural capital, minimizing the ecological footprint (this can include mixed-use development, 3-4 story apartment buildings along commercial streets). (Walker, Lyle and Rees, William 1997) II. Buildings Building and how we are currently operating them in the United States alone account for 40 percent of all energy consumption. The city of New York alone emits more greenhouse- gases, more automobile exhaust and more trash per square foot, than any other U.S. city. (Fettig 2006) In the future city of the next 100 years energy consumption of buildings must drastically be reduced. While there are some new groundbreaking solutions such as The United States Green Building Council that have developed a system of measuring energy consumption of building and providing a rating as to the effectiveness and usefulness of its energy consumption and sustainability. While this may be a great start and possibly a platform or model for future development it is simply not enough. The high cost for seeking the highest standard for Existing Buildings –Platinum has pushed many building owners away from this concept. The sustainability of buildings is not only defined as installing solar panels on the roof or collecting rain water it must start with the design of our work places and homes. It’s changing how we live, how we work, architects must have knowledge not only of the aesthetic but knowledge and understanding of maintaining a high level of efficiency and sustainability. The buildings of the city can and must be an ecological master of sustainability. How we construct our buildings currently are: â€Å"the best possible product at the cheapest possible cost.† (Fettig 2006) An example of this is the construction of federal buildings across the U.S.- most of our federal buildings are large blocks of concrete with little or no efficiency or aesthetic value. The General Services Administration is the branch of government which is responsible for the construction, development and managing all federal buildings. They are the largest developer and manager of commercial space in the US. (Fettig 2006) Recently, efforts led by architect Thom Mane of Los Angeles, he was tasked with developing the San Francisco federal building located at 7th Street and Mission Ave. The building is constructed with no central air conditioning, the building is naturally ventilated. The elevators strop on every 3rd floor with stairs for use between floors. There are no corner offices/edge offices. In addition, there is mostly all natural light only. Below is rendering of the building. While the building may not be the standard from a perspective of beauty or function it mixes both the architectural form and user function and efficiency that his necessary for buildings for the future city of the next 100 years. III. Economic Competitiveness of the City. â€Å"Environmental quality is often cited as a goal that stands in opposition to economic activity. (Skinner 1997) The thinking that sustainability and environmental awareness stifles economic growth is a great myth in this county. The two can go hand in hand, and must do so for cities to grow its local businesses, create jobs for its residents, while also maintaining a high quality of life for the residents of the city. The Porter Model highlights four areas that a businesses must maintain in a city for it to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Having a strategic location, local market demand, and integration with regional clusters and utilizing human resources. (Porter 1990) For the next-century city the local businesses must play an important factor in creating jobs within the inner city that will attract residents and help create a better quality of life. Skinner maintains that â€Å"local governments have large-broad powers to regulate businesses and they various types that are allowed to operate, therefore allowing more sustainable and environmentally-friendly industries into the city.† Various particular local examples of this in the region of S. Florida is in the city of Boca Raton. The city has created a local city organized group called Boca Raton Green Partners. The makeup of the group that meets monthly are local businesses committed to sustainable practices and reviews methods that city can take and policies they can recommend to foster a practice of sustainability for the residents and businesses. The state of Florida also has a rebate program for residents to install solar panels on their homes and businesses. Residents can be reimbursed up to 20, 000 for homes and up to 100, 000 for businesses against the cost of installation. This in effect also created hundreds of local jobs for contractors and businesses this may be somewhat viewed as a public/private partnership. Environmental quality and economic vitality can be viewed as a singular entity that can fully support each other for the city to usher into the next 100 years and truly be a future city. IV. Transportation The above picture speaks volumes about the traffic problems most current cities face everyday. Smog, congestion, traffic noise, are just a few of the health consequences of our reliance of cars and the use of fossil fuels. When looking at transportation and the city it is not a one size fits all solution. There must be many options for residents and creating â€Å"accessibility rather than mobility.† (Fettig 2006) Some of the problems current cities face is large investments in highways and roads. For many years local and regional official’s solution for solving the traffic problem was building more roads. Within the city the use the public transportation is the most effective and environmentally-conscious way of mobility. While this is nothing new to many readers what may surprise is that in some cities like Paris, France the local government is taking an active role in reducing the number of cars on roads. There has been a push for residents to use more public bikes, roads have been removed and trains or trams created in their places. These simple steps have allowed public transportation to move 3-4 more times the people on the same road previously used by cars. (Fettig 2006) The goal of the city is to reduce pollutants by 40 percent by the year 2020. By building a city non-reliant on the car for mobility not only will you generate less pollutants in the atmosphere but also a higher quality of life for residents. In conclusion, the future city of the next 100 years has many challenges it faces. But these challenges can also be viewed as opportunities for innovation and change that can bring forth lasting economic and environmental benefits. By addressing these four main points: population growth, building efficiency, economic competitiveness of cities and transportation and mobility the city can be primed for the next 100 years. Works Cited E2. Directed by Tad Fettig. Produced by Elizabeth Westrate. 2006. Lagos State Government. November 30, 2011. http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/index.php?page=subpagespid=12mnu=null (accessed November 2011). Pacione, Michael. Urban Geography, Ch. 30 The Future of the City-Cities of the Future. Routledge, 2005. Porter, Michael. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Chap. 3, 69-130. McMillian, 1990. Skinner, Nancy. Economic Development as a Path to Sustainability. In Eco City Dimensions, 66-79. New Society Publishers, 1997. Walker, Lyle and Rees, William. Urban Density and Ecological Footprints. In Eco City Dimensions, 96-112. New Society Publishers, 1997.

Afirmative Action :: essays research papers

Affimative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is a plan to offset past discrimination in employing and educating women, blacks, and other minorities. It is the government's way of apologizing to ethnic groups for the injustices they have suffered. Affirmative action is supposed to preserve liberty and to improve race relations, but it is actually worsening them. It is not helping poor blacks; it is primarily helping well-to-do blacks. More effective programs should be implemented to take the place of affirmative action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minorities have been victims of the worst crime, the removal of God-given rights, but this country fought a bloody civil war to ensure those rights for all citizens. The Fourteenth Amendment gives all citizens the same privileges, but affirmative action gives preferential treatment to minorities. Minorities are citizens and should be treated as such; they should not be treated as dependent outcasts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government is forcing institutions of higher education to give up their demands of excellence in order to fulfill quotas. When admissions directors should be reading college essays, looking at GPA's, and reviewing recommendations, they are focusing on the applicant's gender or race. This is offensive toward all citizens. They should be judged on merit whether they are black or white, rich or poor, male or female. Minorities can be accepted into a college on merit, but fellow students will look down on them, thinking they have received preferential treatment. The same thing occurs in the workforce, antagonism builds toward minorities, and race relations worsen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action contradicts the Constitution and the American dream. The Constitution says everyone has equal privileges, and the American dream drives us to use those privileges to success. Afirmative Action :: essays research papers Affimative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is a plan to offset past discrimination in employing and educating women, blacks, and other minorities. It is the government's way of apologizing to ethnic groups for the injustices they have suffered. Affirmative action is supposed to preserve liberty and to improve race relations, but it is actually worsening them. It is not helping poor blacks; it is primarily helping well-to-do blacks. More effective programs should be implemented to take the place of affirmative action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minorities have been victims of the worst crime, the removal of God-given rights, but this country fought a bloody civil war to ensure those rights for all citizens. The Fourteenth Amendment gives all citizens the same privileges, but affirmative action gives preferential treatment to minorities. Minorities are citizens and should be treated as such; they should not be treated as dependent outcasts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government is forcing institutions of higher education to give up their demands of excellence in order to fulfill quotas. When admissions directors should be reading college essays, looking at GPA's, and reviewing recommendations, they are focusing on the applicant's gender or race. This is offensive toward all citizens. They should be judged on merit whether they are black or white, rich or poor, male or female. Minorities can be accepted into a college on merit, but fellow students will look down on them, thinking they have received preferential treatment. The same thing occurs in the workforce, antagonism builds toward minorities, and race relations worsen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action contradicts the Constitution and the American dream. The Constitution says everyone has equal privileges, and the American dream drives us to use those privileges to success.

John Proctor’s Conflict Between Personal Identity and Public Image

Society labels individuals to have certain morals, values, and ideas that most often are contradicted by what the individual's own self-image. In Arthur Miller's novel The Crucible the hero , John Proctor, is challenged by his desire to maintain his high social standing in the community even though he believes himself to be majorly flawed. John Proctor lives within a rigid, theocratic Puritan society which condemns miscreants. His essential conflict was the difference between the images of his own personal identity and that which society produced.John Proctor thought himself to be a fraud and therefore, believed he should not be held in such high social regard. The community looked up to him as an honest, good, hard-working man, â€Å"†¦ in Proctor's presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly†(Miller20). Unfortunately , Proctor's innate impulses caused he much internal turmoil, â€Å"†¦ he is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct† (Miller20). His extramarital affair with Abigail Williams, a seventeen year old ex-servant, defiled his own moral code.It besmirched him in the eyes of God, his wife Elizabeth, and himself. Proctor lacks the capacity to forgive his transgressions because he cannot seem to wash away his sins. Even though most of the people around him see him in a positive light, he feels a strong sense of guilt, ( Elizabeth to Proctor) â€Å"I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man, John Proctor†(Miller 55). Because of Proctor's guilt over the sordid relationship between him and Abigail he deems his public image to a be facade.Living under this pretense causes him much anguish though out the book. Proctor is reluctant to give up his public veneration and confess to his sins. Proctor knows that he is a charlatan but does not want to cheapen his identity. His greatest possession is t he respect and integrity associated with his good name. In the court room Proctor explains why he did not confess earlier that Abigail was a harlot † Oh Francis, I wish you had some evil in you that you might know me! To Danforth: A man will not cast away his good name. You surely know that†(Miller110).Proctor dreads revealing his sin because the guilt and regret already overwhelms him. He believes that a public display of his wrongdoings will only intensify the extent of his sin, magnifying his guilt. In such a small community, if he were to proclaim his indecency, then it would perpetually disgrace his entire family. The guilt that would result from damming his family and himself would be immense. Instead of letting the town know that the girls' allegations are false, Proctor tries to down play the extent of the hysteria so that he may feel more at ease.Proctor's response to Elizabeth when she informs him about the court and possible hangings is â€Å"†¦ scoffing , but not without conviction: Ah, they'd never hang-† (Miller52). Proctor envisions of every possible way he can think of to save his wife without condemning himself in the process but eventually realizes that the only way she will survive is by killing his image. Proctor eventually understands that personal identity is more important than a public image. Not until the very end of the story does Proctor's conflict between his personal identity and public image becomes resolved.John sees less significance in his public image and becomes more concerned about his personal identity. Even though John has admitted to lechery, the public still holds him with a sense of elevated admiration. A preponderance of the people did not want to see Proctor hang; even people who strongly disliked him like Reverend Paris. If Proctor signs a written confession stating he is a witch, then he would set free and able to live out the rest of his life in comfort with his family. A stipulation in signi ng the contract is that it will be posted in the town for all to see.Proctor is unable to allow that to happen because it destroys any dignity left he has. The rest of his life would be based off deception and sin. Proctor: â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave my name! â€Å"(Miller143) Proctor was willing to spoil is public standing with the comprise that he may live among his family .But, he found himself unwillingly to sign over his personal identity to a lie. Because of this resistance, Proctor was hanged for a crime that he did not commit. Though he was wrongfully executed , Proctor died while maintaining a sense of integrity and morality. Hale- â€Å"Woman, plead with him! Woman! It is pride, it is vanity. Be his helper! -What profit him to bleed? Shall the dust praise him? Sha ll the worms declare his truth? Go to him, take his shame away! † Elizabeth-â€Å"He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! (Miller 145) Proctor finally was able to wipe away his facade that societal pressures placed upon him. He expelled his guilt and sin and was ultimately able to gain back his virtue. John Proctor's most demanding struggle was between who he believed himself to be and what society believed him to be. His sins caused tension surrounding his outward appearance and his inward self. Miller's book helps to illustrate how one overcomes the battle of such contention. Every human being has his or her own defects, but to develop into better people, we must learn to conquer these shortcomings.

The Impact Of Entrepreneurial Features In Pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1466 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The Impact Of Entrepreneurial Features In Pakistan The Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) play a very significant part in the success development of any economy. Agreeing to the SME policy 2007, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SME sector is the backbone of Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Globally, this sector is the major growing force behind the fastest developing economy of China, in term of contribution to the national GDP, scale of assets, diversification of products and the creation of work. Likewise, the role of SME is well acknowledged in the other countries such as Japan Korea, and all other industrialized economies in terms of economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Hand Book on Islamic SME Financing Islamic Banking Department, State Bank of Pakistan, 2009). On that point are some hidden and apparent obstacles in the way of maturation of minor and medium enterprises in Pakistan as pointed out in the SME Policy development-2007; the poo r national performance on the Human Development Index of the UN has its issues for SMEs in Pakistan. These include short and genetic education and insufficient, poorly focused and under-serving training infrastructure. SMEs mostly draw their human resource (including the owners) from either the higher education institutions or the technical training infrastructure, both of which are not attuned to the SME needs nor are they equipped to direct them. This position determines the mental ability and capability of SMEs to innovate, The SME sector neither possesses the financial strength nor the collective wisdom to climb its way out of this low equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ enterprise activity. In improver to these components, according to the Hand Book on Islamic SME Financing (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“political instability, legal philosophy and order situation, fiscal restraints, energy crisis, taxation problems, project matters, lack of coordination and regular data exchange mechanism a mong institutions are contributing adversely to all the efforts done for the SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Shabbir Kashif president of the Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce Industry, (2009, Nov) pointed out the access of the new entrants in the business and as a big campaign of their failure, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“People come to us say we accept such amount of money and we are dying to endow in that occupation. But the period is that prior to Investment they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t think about the future of that Business in next few years, what would be the market demand in future? Rather, they copy the current styles and current needs of the marketplace, which lead them to the failureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In these types of problems and uncertain situations, the entrepreneurs can do allot for the growth and success of the SMEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. According to Thompson, L (2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s universe of change and uncertainty, we need the tale nt of entrepreneurs more than ever, we need them to take up new jobs, we ask them to champion the change agenda in establishing a corporation and the public sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Simpsin , M., Tuck, N. Bellany, S (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Entrepreneurs or owners-managers are individuals and possess their own unique featuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The previous studies conducted on the Owner characteristics support that Owner characteristics are the important constituent for the success of a firm like Lumpkin Dess (1996), Ferreira Azevedo. (2007), Smith J.R, Okhomina Mosley (2006). Research Aims Objectives The aim of the research is to investigate empirically the influence of owner characteristics on the SME performance in Pakistan. Owner Characteristics that will be examined are related to personal hobbies that are viewed the most important characteristics Naldi, Lucia.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Nordqvist, Mattias., Sjoberg, Karin., Wiklund, Johan, (2007), like Innovativeness, Risk Tak ing, Proactive ness. Meaning of the subject This work will contribute to the Knowledge base regarding the Owner Characteristics that contribute to the firms performance, According to Bhutta, M., Rana, A. Asad, U (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A major defeat for most policy researchers in the SME area is the virtual non-existence of scientific information on this sector in the rural area (i.e. Pakistan)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Secondly, it will help entrepreneurs to realize their own military capabilities and potential, and key out those characteristics that contribute more to the achiever of a firm. Thirdly, to the policy shapers in this sector to key out and refine the existing entrepreneurs and the people who designate to build new lines. Problem Statement The impact of entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristics on the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance: An empirical study conducted along the surgical equipment manufacturing units in vicinity of Sialkot, Pakistan. Rese arch Question What is the impact of entrepreneurial characteristics like innovativeness, proactive-ness, risk taking, on the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance? Literature review As quoted by the Bhutan et al (2008), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Entrepreneurship is the human activity of being an entrepreneur which is a French word meaning one who takes on an enterprise. Entrepreneurs set up resources, including innovations, finance and business acumen in an attempt to translate innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious sort of entrepreneurship is that of beginning new businesses; even so, in recent years, the term has been expanded to include social and political patterns of entrepreneurial activity. When entrepreneurship is describing the actions inside a firm or large organization, it is referred to as intra-preneurship and may include corporate ven turing, when large entities start spin-off organizationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Whereas according to Lumpkin, G. T. Dess, G. G. (1996) the term Entrepreneurial orientation means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the organizational process, methods and styles that firms use to act entrepreneuriallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Characteristics and Firms Performance Entrepreneurial characteristic is an independent variable in our study. Levelling out the importance of the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ characteristics regarding the firms success and safe execution. Ferreira Azevedo (2007, p. 15) commented that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the firms which grow more, are those which are entrepreneurial oriented that detect opportunities and get an advantage when looking for those chances. Nevertheless, not all firms search for opportunities, a possible explanation could the entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attitude, this is, the desire to grow or notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the previous literature the own ership characteristics have been set differently by the researchers. According to Lumpkin Dess (1996) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Efforts have helped to sharpen out the several dimensions of the entrepreneurial process; they have not gone to any widely held consensus regarding how to characterize entrepreneurship. This lack of consensus has impeded progress for researchers towards building and examining a wider theory of entrepreneurship and has made it especially, difficult for them to look into the relationship of entrepreneurship to performà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . As shown by the previous literature, the researchers have identified different ownership characteristics that determine the success and operation of an establishment. These characteristics are autonomous, innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, (Ferreira Azevedo, 2007 Keh, H.., Nguyen, T. Ng, H 2007), competitiveness, aggressiveness, (Hughes et al. 2007 Lumpkin Dess, 1996). Smith, Okhomina Mosly (2006) took psychological tr aits, e.g. need for achievement, internal locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity and risk taking propensity, and social components such as training, a supportive environment the researchers i.e. Smith, J. R. Mosley, Alisa L (2006) also indicated that personality traits viewed alone are inappropriate to explain the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. According to Bhutan et al (2008) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ There is a dearth of knowledge in Pakistan of this sector (S.M.E)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  further more he studied the owner characteristics/ orientation like education, media-related habits, use of information technology, number of investor and generation in the business (and found a positive relation) with the health of the firm. In a study of Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Regan, Sims Ghobadian (2005) demonstrated the relationship between ownership, decision making and employee deployment and the operation of the house. Their findings showed that the ownership profile is a key constituent in the succ ess of any SME. As cited by Ferreira Azevedo (2007) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Covin Slevin (1991) supported Miller point of view by referring that organizations and not only individuals, can have entrepreneurial. They also use defend, use of risk taking innovativeness and proactiveness, as the relevant dimensions of the entrepreneurship. Nevertheless refer to this as a type of behavior labeled as entrepreneur posture. Also cited, Miller (1983), the concept of Entrepreneur orientation was seen as a combination of three dimensions. Innovativeness: is concerned with suffering and promoting new ideas, experimentation and creativity likely to result in new products, services or processes (Miller and Friesen, 1982 and Yusuf, A. 2002). Risk Taking: Measuring the extent to which individuals differ in their willingness to take risk is contentious (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996). Proactive ness: is concerned with first mover and other actions aimed at seeking to secure and protect market share and with the forward looking perspective reflected in action taken anticipation of future demand (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996, Ferreira et al, 2007). In this paper the focus of the work is on the owners characteristics like innovativeness, risk taking behavior and proactiveness (Naldi, et al. , 2007), an important role as firms which grow better, have the propensity to develop an EO supported by proactiveness, innovativeness and risk contracting.(Ferreira and Azevedo, 2007, p. 15) (Yusuf A., 2002). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Entrepreneurial Features In Pakistan" essay for you Create order